羧甲基纤维素钠对酸性乳饮料稳定作用的研究

羧甲基纤维素钠的浓度、体系的pH值均会影响酸性乳饮料的稳定性.在浓度0%-0.6%、pH4.6-3.6范围内,体系的粘度随浓度增加、pH升高而增加;随CMC浓度增加,所能稳定的pH范围也增加,沉降量降低.在相同条件下,调酸型酸性乳饮料比发酵型易于稳定.     

四种滤料去除氨氮的效果

测定生化环、沸石、生化石和碎石4种滤料的去除氨氮效果。结果显示,单位体积滤料去氨氮效果以沸石最佳[4.19mg/(h·L)],生化环和生化石去氨氮能力基本相同,两者分别为3.60mg/(h·L)与3.58mg/(h·L),效果最差的碎石仅为2.09mg/(h·L);若以单位质量滤料表示其去氨氮能力,则不同滤料的去氨氮能力差异显著,其中生化环去氨氮能力最强[5.29mg/(h·kg)],其次为生化石,其去氨氮能力为4.07mg/(h·kg),沸石的去氨氮能力较差[1.95mg/(h·kg)],仅为生化环的37.0%,碎石的去氨氮能力最差[0.87mg/(h·kg)],为生化环的16.4%。     

酸化乳对犊牛生长性能和血清免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂酸化乳对犊牛生长性能和血清免疫指标的影响。本试验采用完全随机试验设计,选择3日龄左右、体重(40±5) kg的健康荷斯坦犊牛20头,随机分为2组,即酸化乳组和巴氏杀菌乳组,每组10头。酸化乳组饲喂酸化乳,巴氏杀菌乳组饲喂巴氏杀菌乳,2组均自由采食颗粒料,试验期共180 d,在试验第60天时断奶。每天记录犊牛的采食量,于犊牛生长期的第7、30、60、90、180天分别测量体尺、体重,计算平均日增重,同时采血用于测定血清免疫指标。结果表明:1)酸化乳组乳尿素氮含量极显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.01),乳大肠杆菌、总菌数量显著低于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.05),乳糖率、乳脂率和乳蛋白率组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)第31～50天时,酸化乳组犊牛液体饲料平均日采食量极显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P <0.01);第61～90天时,酸化乳组犊牛固体饲料平均日采食量极显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P <0.01)。3)第60～180天时,酸化乳组犊牛平均日增重显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P <0.05)。第60天时,酸化乳组犊牛体直长、体高和管围均显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.05);第90天时,犊牛体直长、体斜长、体高和管围均显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.05);第180天时,酸化乳组犊牛体直长、体斜长和体高均极显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.01)。4)第60天时,酸化乳组血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.05);第90天时,酸化乳组血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量极显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.01);第90和180天时,酸化乳组血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于巴氏杀菌乳组(P<0.05)。第30天时,巴氏杀菌乳组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量均极显著高于酸化乳组(P<0.01),血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著高于酸化乳组(P<0.05);第60天时,巴氏杀菌乳组血清IL-1β含量极显著高于酸化乳组(P<0.01),血清IL-6含量显著高于酸化乳组(P<0.05);第90天时,巴氏杀菌乳组血清IL-1β含量显著高于酸化乳组(P <0. 05)。综上所述,利用甲酸酸化牛乳对牛乳成分影响不大,可抑制牛乳中有害细菌生长,改善适口性,提高犊牛采食量,改善机体免疫力。     

Effects of Zeolite on Soil Nutrients and Growth of Barley Following Irrigation with Saline Water

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor limiting crop production but an amendment with synthetic zeolite may mitigate effects of salinity stress on plants. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of zeolite on soil properties and growth of barley irrigated with diluted seawater. Barley was raised on a sand dune soil treated with calcium type zeolite at the rate of 1 and 5% and irrigated every alternate day with seawater diluted to electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 3 and 16 dS m^?1. Irrigation with 16 dS m^?1 saline water significantly suppressed plant height by 25%, leaf area by 44% and dry weight by 60%. However, a substantial increase in plant biomass of salt stressed barley was observed in zeolite-amended treatments. The application of zeolite also enhanced water and salt holding capacity of soil. Post-harvest soil analysis showed high concentrations of calcium (Ca^{2 +}), magnesium (Mg^{2 +}), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺) due to saline water especially in the upper soil layer but concentrations were lower in soils treated with zeolite. Zeolite application at 5% increased Ca^{2 +} concentration in salt stressed plants; concentrations of trace elements were also increased by 19% for iron (Fe^{2 +}) and 10% for manganese (Mn^{2 +}). The overall results indicated that soil amendment with zeolite could effectively ameliorate salinity stress and improve nutrient balance in a sandy soil.     

SYNTHETIC SOIL AGGREGATES AS A POTTING MEDIUM FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANT PRODUCTION

Synthetic aggregates (SA) were developed as alternative potting media for ornamental plant production. Four different types of SA were developed from low productive acidic soil and paper waste with adding different types of compost amendments. Compost amendments used in the experiment were cattle manure compost, chicken manure compost, and leaf manure compost. Popular ornamental plant french marigold (Tagetes patula) was used in this experiment. SA with different compost amendments gave considerable physical and chemical parameters compared to commercial zeolite media. Moreover, plant grown in SA media showed better growth and nutritional parameters compared to plant grown in zeolite media. The plant height, number of flowers per plant, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight obtained from three different compost based SA were increased by in the ranges of 8.14--14.41%, 5.66--9.46%, 25.52--31.47%, 9.44--16.13%, 6.14--9.23%, 2.40--8.47% and 8.85--17.05%, respectively, compared to zeolite control.     

ZEOLITE AS SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER ON SPINACH YIELDS AND QUALITY IN A GREENHOUSE TEST

There has been a great need to reduce the non-point source pollution due to pesticide and fertilizer applications. With a high surface area and large cation exchange capacity, zeolite was proposed to use as carriers to control ammonium and potassium release. A greenhouse test was conducted to evaluate spinach growth and spinach quality after application of zeolite pre-load with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and potassium (Eco-zeolite). An increase in spinach yield with comparable vitamin C content was achieved using the Eco-zeolite. However, elevated oxalate content was unexpected, possible due to the presence of NH₄ ⁺ as the exchangeable cations after modification.     

Amount and speciation of N leached from a sandy soil fertilized with urea,liquid digestate,struvite and NH4-enriched chabazite zeolite-tuff

The large use and the bad management of fertilizers that are applied to soil for improving crop production have dramatically impaired soil, water, and air quality. To meet the requirements to reduce nitrogen (N) losses and all the related negative impacts on the environment and food production, it is mandatory to substitute or at least partially substitute the use of inefficient and unsustainable fertilizers with more efficient alternatives. The aim of this paper was to address the amount and speciation of the N released by a sandy soil fertilized with “slow-release fertilizers” and traditional fertilizers (urea and liquid digestate) by means of a series of column leaching experiments. The slow-release alternatives were represented by NH₄-enriched zeolitic tuff and struvite, both obtained by recovering the N from liquid digestate. The treatments consisted of sandy soil fertilized with (i) urea (U) (ii) liquid digestate (LD), (iii) NH₄-enriched zeolitic tuff (N-CHA) and (iv) struvite (STRV). Eight different flushing events were performed over 38 days, leachates were collected and analysed for total Kjeldahl N, organic-N, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N and pH. U and LD lost the majority of N within the first 2 flushing events as organic N and NH₄⁺-N, respectively. On the other hand, STRV and N-CHA lost less N over the whole course of the experiment and with more balanced speciation. The mass balance outlined that after the experiment, native soil N was mined in U and LD treatments while in N-CHA and STRV a fraction of N from the fertilizers was still present. The results showed a slow release of N which can be used more efficiently in agricultural applications, minimizing the N losses.     

沸石对犬生长和血液生化指标的影响

将18只5月龄左右中华田园犬随机分成3组,每组6只,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0％(对照组)、3％(试验组Ⅰ)、5％(试验组Ⅱ)沸石的饲料.研究不同添加量的沸石对犬生长及血液生化指标的影响.结果表明,3％的沸石添加量具有降低犬料肉比的趋势(P＞0.05);5％的沸石添加量具有提高犬平均日增重和降低犬料肉比的趋势(P＞0.05).3％和5％的沸石均能显著降低血清中尿素氮含量(P＜0.05),且具有提高血清中总蛋白含量和血清碱性磷酸酶活性的趋势(P＞0.05).     

天然蛭石和沸石吸附铜和锌的特性研究

采用等温吸附方法,研究了天然蛭石和天然沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 两种重金属离子的吸附特性,结果表明这两种矿物对Cu2 和Zn2 有较好的吸附作用。天然蛭石和沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附量随培养时间的增加而增大。在本试验条件下,当培养时间达到120min时,天然蛭石对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附量分别达到3945.9 mg.kg-1和3498.3mg.kg-1;天然沸石的吸附量分别达到3641.8mg.kg-1和2865.3mg.kg-1。pH值和重金属初始浓度是影响吸附量的重要因素,两种矿物对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附量具有随pH值增高而增大的趋势,且随着初始浓度的增加而增大。蛭石和沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,天然蛭石对Cu2 和Zn2 的饱和吸附量分别为8795.1mg.kg-1和7657.0 mg.kg-1,沸石对Cu2 和Zn2 的饱和吸附量为7117.4mg.kg-1和6988.1mg.kg-1,天然蛭石对两种重金属的吸附能力要强于天然沸石。     

盐度与滤料量对生物膜降氨氮作用的影响

淡水中培养的生物膜,去氨氮能力随盐度上升及升盐速率的增加而逐渐下降,当盐度由0.6升至13.3、23.9和31.3并稳定48 h后,氨氮去除率分别为100%、93.0%和86.9%;当按不同的速度降盐至淡水环境时,生物膜去氨氮的能力逐步得以恢复,特别是降到淡水时,去氨氮率均达90%以上,基本达到淡水中生物膜去氨氮的能力。经24~36 h的吸附作用,沸石对氨氮的吸附能力强于瓷质生化环,生化环48 h去氨氮的能力(95.1%)接近沸石(100%)。以沸石为滤料的滤器去氨氮能力与速率随沸石用量增加而增强。24 h内天然沸石吸附作用去氨氮能力强于生物沸石,生物沸石48 h对氨氮的去除率(99.2%)略超过天然沸石(95.2%)。